The leader of the anti-Qing uprising in the early 20th century-South-Sun North-tao, anti-Qing Restore Countrys
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The leader of the anti-Qing uprising in the early 20th century-South-Sun North-tao, anti-Qing Restore Countrys |
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At the beginning of the last century, at the
end of the Qing Dynasty, two great uprising heroes appeared in the South
and North, Sun Yat-sen and To-k-tao-hu. Their uprising shook the rule of
the Qing Dynasty and contributed to the demise of the autocratic rule
that lasted for more than two thousand years. ——Once the grassland
The leader of the anti-Qing uprising in the early 20th century-Nansun Beitao, anti-Qing rejuvenation and a century of ecology Chen Jiqun November 12, 2016
Figure 1. Anti-Qing leaders Sun Yat-sen and Tok Taohu, and the political background of farming civilization and nomadic civilization after the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
Figure 4. Zhang Zuolin, leader of the Qing Dynasty
- History background
There were two leaders of China’s anti-Qing uprising from 1906 to 1910, Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) in the south and Taoketaohu (1864-1922) in the north. Together, their uprisings shook the rule of the Qing Dynasty-Sun Yat-sen raised funds in Foreign countries have commanded the Southern Uprising nearly ten times, with repeated defeats and battles; Tauktauhu fought in the northern grasslands for four years.
In the 17th century, the Qing Dynasty (later Jin) entered
the Guan, and invaded the land of the Ming Dynasty. The Emperor Kangxi
of the Qing suppressed Geldan at the end of the 17th century and
obtained the jade seal of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. So far, the Qing
Dynasty occupied the territory of the Ming Dynasty and occupied the
grassland land in the Northern Yuan Dynasty.
, And divided the Mongolian tribes into the 49 banners of
Inner Mongolia and the three major institutions of Outer Mongolia.
Toktahu was born in Guoerluosqianqi, Zhelimu League, Inner Mongolia in 1864. Beginning in 1902, the Qing dynasty used the pretext of "immigrants to real borders" in East Mongolia, adding yamen, sending soldiers to seize pastures and land.
"In 1905, Tauktahu was in conflict with the Qing government because of his opposition to the reclamation of grasslands. In the early morning of September 23, 1906, Tauktahu led his three sons, Deliger, Naima, Nutktu, and his relatives. Eight people including Danzhab, Hada, Zamsu and Fusang, as well as 32 people including righteous friends Saijilahu, Nashunbatu and Erdenidalai, formally sworn uprising, and then attacked Erlong Suokou. The Bureau of Reclamation had seized more than 20 guns. It also raided Maolin Station at 11 o'clock that night, captured and executed 12 Japanese surveying and mapping personnel and the defending soldiers, and confiscated a large number of guns, ammunition and military uniforms." ——<Mongolian Nationality General History Taoketao's Armed Anti-Reclamation Uprising>
From then on, the Tauktao Hu Rebel Army fought against Xu Shichang, governor of the three eastern provinces of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zuolin, guard envoy, and dozens of soldiers from Inner and Outer Mongolia. In 1910, in the battle of Qaidam in Guriban in the northern part of Ximeng, Inner Mongolia, the eldest son of Toktahu, Deliger, died in battle. Toktahu brought 48 people into the Buryat Mongolian tribe on Lake Baikal in Russia. In 1911, Tauktahu arrived in Kulun, the capital of Kharkha Mongolia. -------------------------------------------------------------------
Chronology of events:
Schematic diagram of the positions of Tauktaohu and
Sun Yat-sen Alliance in the uprising of Manchu and Qing Dynasty
(1906-1910)
The Qing Dynasty died in 1911 and the Republic of China was established. In 1911, Kharkha Mongolia declared its "independence" and Tauktahu entered the capital of Kharkha Mongolia, Kulun. In 1921, the People's Republic of Mongolia was established; In 1921, the Communist Party of China was established. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was established.
一万年以来，亚洲中部以400毫米降水线为界，存在着两种不同的生态系统和生物：森林生态系统--几百种针叶、阔叶林带和鹿、大象、老虎、犀牛（河南古称‘豫’就是证明）；草原生态系统--低矮的千种禾本科豆科植物和黄羊、旱獭、狼等野生动物。 3千年来森林生态系统中的人类以几种植物种子为主要食物开垦森林并形成了农耕文明，至今原来的森林生态系统和野生动物几乎全部消亡。
图2：遥感照片中国华北森林生态系统基本不复存在。 -
百年生态对比Centennial ecological comparison
清亡百年来不同政体的生物多样性和生态系统已经出现巨大差距，中国人口已至少增加3倍，为了增加粮食产量，过分依靠各种除虫药、除草剂和化肥已经造成农业生态问题；已有2000万人口进入干旱的内蒙古，大片草原被开垦，草原生态系统明显退化。 而蒙古国草原植被和以迁徙黄羊、狼为代表的动物包括迁徙候鸟等生态系统仍保存完整。 下面是我们十年来进行的中国、蒙古国草原生态对比考察成果和收集的部分生态保护资料：
图3、蒙古国克鲁伦河（黑龙江上游）草原景色（2011）和内蒙古乌拉盖河流域荒漠化草原（2015）对比
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中国、蒙古国草原生态保护对比考察，及案例对比照片： 图5下、内蒙古正蓝旗被外来人毒杀的200多只天鹅照片（2016）
曾经草原点评：comment 我们纪念反清的伟人，第一，要研究、还原历史，以史为鉴；第二，要继续顺应“世界潮流”——崇尚生态文明、实施宪政、保护 生物多样性和倡导可持续发展。 We commemorate the great men who fought against the Qing Dynasty. First, we should study and restore history and take history as a mirror. Second, we should continue to follow the "global trend" -- advocating ecological civilization, implementing constitutional government, protecting biodiversity and advocating sustainable development.
参考资料：Reference material
1、《蒙古族通史·陶克陶领导的武装抗垦起义》，内蒙古社科院历史所，民族出版社2001年版 2、《陶克陶事迹》（义都合西格整理，内蒙古人民出版社1962年版） 3、《蒙古高原游牧文化发展趋势的比较研究》（易津、陈继群、乌云其木格） 4、《蒙古地志》（柏原孝久、滨田纯一著，大正八年，即1919年出版） 5、《查干湖的传说及其郭尔罗斯史话》（苏赫巴鲁、乌银、珊丹著）
6、《中国、蒙古国草原联合考察》论文集(曾经草原网站)
7、《中央电视台焦点访谈<湿地正在失去>2015年6月23日）》
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